The Turkish language is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages, and it is among those closest to Ottoman Turkish. The Oghuz branch contains three groups. The West Oghuz group consists of Turkish (Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz Turkish, the language of the Meskhetian Turks); Azerbaijani ( the northern and southern varieties of Azerbaijani, the languages of the Iraqi Turkmen of Iran and Iraq, Qashqa’i, and Afshar); and Turkmen (Turkmen, Khorasani Turkish in Iran, and the Oghuz dialect of Uzbek).
The modern Turkish alphabet was developed in 1928 and is based on the Latin script. The Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters, seven of which have been changed from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.
Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish or Turkey Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages. It is estimated to be spoken by over 70 million people as a first language and another five million as a second language. It is the official language of Turkey and one of the official languages of Cyprus. It is also an official minority language in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Romania, and Bulgaria.
Turkish has official status in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It is also spoken by diaspora communities in Western Europe, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and elsewhere. It is a member of the Turkic languages family, which comprises around thirty different languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Siberia, and Central Asia.
Turkish has grammatical features which are characteristic of other Turkic languages but unusual in Indo-European ones. These include vowel harmony (the agreement of vowels in a word with each other), agglutination (the addition of suffixes to words), and lack of grammatical gender. This language also uses the Turkish alphabet, which is a variant of the Latin alphabet.
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