The roots of the Catalan language can be traced back to Roman colonists settling in the Iberian Peninsula. The languages spoken in this time and region would come to form Old Catalan in the 9th and 10th centuries, and Catalan would continue to flourish through the Middle Ages in prose, poetry, and religious works.
Political repression challenged the development of Catalan when the Spanish monarchy attempted to impose Castilian Spanish as the language of the land. Nevertheless, the Catalan language and people persisted, and revival efforts kept Catalan a strong and lasting language, especially in the Autonomous Community of Catalonia.